| Apartment Residential Water | DN15–DN25 | Multi-jet or single-jet mechanical meter with electronic register; ultrasonic models increasingly used for new smart-meter projects | Class 2 under common cold-water meter specifications | NB-IoTLoRaWANRF mesh | Battery-powered, commonly designed for multi-year operation | Remote billing, valve control, leakage alerts, reverse-flow detection, and apartment-level consumption management |
| Single-Family Residential Water | DN15–DN40 | Positive-displacement, multi-jet, or ultrasonic smart meter | Typically Class 2; ultrasonic units may provide wider low-flow sensitivity | NB-IoT4GLoRaWAN | Battery-powered or external low-voltage supply | Outdoor installation, tamper alarms, freeze protection, prepaid or postpaid billing, and household leak monitoring |
| Commercial Buildings | DN25–DN100 | Ultrasonic or electromagnetic meter; pulse-output mechanical meters remain in some retrofit projects | Commonly Class 2; project specifications may require higher measurement stability | NB-IoT4GRS-485Modbus | Battery or mains-powered, depending on communications and valve functions | Tenant sub-metering, building-management-system integration, abnormal-use alarms, and time-based consumption analysis |
| Municipal Distribution Network | DN50–DN300 | Electromagnetic or ultrasonic bulk water meter | Often specified as Class 2 or better for network monitoring | 4GNB-IoTPrivate APNSCADA | Battery-powered for remote sites or mains/solar-assisted power | District metered areas, night-flow analysis, pressure-zone management, non-revenue-water reduction, and remote diagnostics |
| Water Treatment Plant Inlet and Outlet | DN100–DN1,200 | Full-bore electromagnetic or ultrasonic flow meter | Typically Class 1 or Class 2, subject to project and verification requirements | RS-485Modbus RTUEthernet4G | Mains-powered with backup power for critical measurement points | Continuous flow measurement, totalization, process control, alarm reporting, and integration with plant automation systems |
| Inter-District and Bulk Transfer | DN200–DN2,000+ | Large-diameter electromagnetic or ultrasonic meter with remote terminal unit | Project-specific; higher accuracy is normally required for bulk settlement | 4GEthernetSCADACloud platform | Mains, solar, or hybrid power with local data storage | High-volume totalization, synchronized data records, pressure and flow correlation, and operational settlement |
| Industrial Process Water | DN25–DN600 | Electromagnetic, ultrasonic, or vortex flow meter selected according to conductivity, temperature, and process conditions | Commonly Class 1 or Class 2 for process monitoring | 4–20 mAHARTModbusIndustrial Ethernet | Usually mains-powered; UPS support is common for critical processes | Corrosion-resistant wetted parts, chemical compatibility, continuous monitoring, batch control, and plant-wide energy or water accounting |
| Cooling Towers and HVAC Systems | DN25–DN300 | Electromagnetic or ultrasonic meter for makeup, blowdown, and circulation-water measurement | Typically Class 1 or Class 2 for operational control | RS-485ModbusBACnet gateway | Mains-powered | Water-efficiency monitoring, cooling-tower concentration control, automatic blowdown, and building-energy-management integration |
| Agricultural and Irrigation Water | DN50–DN500 | Electromagnetic, ultrasonic, or turbine-style meter, depending on water quality and installation conditions | Generally Class 2 for allocation and operational management | NB-IoT4GLoRaWAN | Battery, solar, or hybrid power for remote locations | Quota management, remote valve control, seasonal scheduling, dry-run protection, and low-maintenance field deployment |
| Reclaimed and Non-Potable Water | DN50–DN600 | Electromagnetic or ultrasonic meter with materials selected for treated or recycled-water conditions | Typically Class 1 or Class 2, according to application and project tender | 4GNB-IoTRS-485Cloud monitoring | Mains-powered or solar-assisted at remote distribution points | Separate-network accounting, quality-process correlation, cross-connection monitoring, and reliable non-potable-water billing |